1940, Auto-retrato, Charley Toorop
Vi-a pela 1ª vez numa grande exp. do Museu de Arte Moderna da Cidade de Paris em 1994: La beauté exacte. De Van Gogh à Mondrian. Art/Pays-Bas/XXe siècle. A capa do catálogo partilhava-a Charley Toorop (1891-1955) com Piet Mondrian (1872-1944), e era ela a última grande figura do panorama holandês.
Agora encontro-lhe por acaso uma retrospectiva com 120 obras no Museu Boijmans de Roterdão, aonde cheguei a propósito do Rembrandt que veio para o MNAA. Esta exposição irá depois para Paris, de novo para o MAM.
A mostra de 1994 confrontava as "Realidades abstractas" de Mondrian, Theo van Doesburg e Bart van der Leck (De Stijl) com as "Realidades naturais", ou seja, a afirmação da paisagem e do retrato na pintura holandesa; na paisagem com Van Gogh, com o simbolismo de Jan Toorop (o pai de Charley), com os "luministas" Leo Gestel e Jan Sluijters, com Mondrian. No retrato com Jan Mankes, Dick Ket, Pyke Koch e Charley Toorop.
É sempre referida a grande proximidade com Mondrian, apesar da distância estética entre ambos, com Rietveld e Van der Leck, com os círculos de vanguarda e tb com os surrealistas belgas, através de E.L.T. Mesens. Mas ao mesmo tempo é muito claro o empenhamento político e a ligação ao mundo do trabalho, no contexto particular das crises dos anos 30 e 40. Os auto-retratos (pintou 17 de 1914 a 55), só ou com os filhos e ainda outro com o retrato esculpido do pai e o filho, e também os retratos de grupo têm um lugar decisivo na sua obra, onde há tb espaço para a natureza morta, as flores e a paisagem. E, por ocasião da guerra, para a presença de uma simbólica cabeça de medusa, próxima de alguma pintura metafísica, embora seja mais seguro apontar-lhe a proximidade com a Nova Objectividade e o Realismo Mágico, precisando-se de classificações.
Cinco camponeses da Zelândia, 1930 (Central Museum, Utrecht)
Trata-se com Charley Toorop de um dos mais poderosos realismos dos anos 20/50, vindo de uma clara relação inicial com a Nova Objectividade alemã da década de vinte, e prosseguido sem vacilações nos tempos em que alemães e soviéticos partilhavam o entendimento autoritário do que seria a representação realista do mundo.
A actual retrospectiva em Roderdão tem um título sugestivo:
PRESS RELEASE: www.boijmans.rotterdam.nl
27 September 2008 – 18 January 2009
A total of 120 works have been gathered for the Charley Toorop (1891-1995) retrospective, including almost all her self-portraits. The exhibition ‘Surtout pas des principes! Charley Toorop’ has been put together by Marja Bosma, who has also written a book of the same name about the life and work of one of the foremost female Dutch artists of the 20th century.
Both the exhibition and the book contain a wealth of information about Charley Toorop, clarifying associations and highlighting influences, making it easier to see how key works from her oeuvre fit into her larger body of work. This large-scale retrospective clearly highlights Toorop’s importance for Dutch art.
For Charley Toorop, painting was the ultimate form of self-realisation, making her work both unavoidable and imposing. A perfect example of this is the self-portrait from 1928 that was recently acquired by Museum Boijmans van Beuningen.
Confrontational realism : Charley Toorop was the daughter of the symbolist Jan Toorop, who was one of the foremost artists in the Netherlands during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. His ‘salad oil’ style is a term that remains in use even today. Toorop prepared his only child for life as an artist and despite being predestined to take up music, she chose instead to follow in her father’s footsteps. Rather than attending art school, she learned the trade from him. At an early age, she was part of ‘Het Signaal’, a predecessor of the Bergense School. Her work in those days was expressionistic in nature, featuring vibrant colours and sweeping brush strokes, which she combined with darker undertones and dissonant colours. A mystical experience of nature underpinned this work, which was representative of the Bergense School from the outset.
After an unsuccessful marriage to Henk Fernhout, with whom she had three children, she established herself in a house built specially for her in Bergen called ‘De Vlerken’, where she worked steadily on her painting career. Painting always occupied the primary position in her life. She travelled regularly, particularly to France. She also stayed regularly in Brussels. Her circle of friends was made up principally of prominent artists and intellectuals including the poets Adriaan Roland Holst and Henny Marsman, painter Piet Mondriaan, sculptor John Rädecker, architects Rietveld and Oud and the anarchist thinker Arthur Lehning.
Toorop’s social and political commitment was the catalyst for her to develop her work into a style of confrontational realism, where she presented her subjects head on. This applies not only to her remarkable self-portraits in which she penetrates the viewer with her steely gaze, but also to her portraits of farmers, labourers and fishermen.
Publication : The retrospective ‘Surtout pas des principes! Charley Toorop’ will be accompanied by a richly illustrated catalogue.
Charly Toorop, auto-retrato com os três filhos, 1929, Groninger Museum, photo John Stoel
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Voltei a vê-la ne exp. Face à l'Histoire (Centre Pompidou, 1996), e tem no catálogo um dos mais terríveis palhaços de sempre:
Clown nas ruínas de Roterdão, 1940-41 (Kroller-Muller Museum, Otterlo)
A seguir, 1997, vi-a com destaque na notável exp. "Années 30 en Europe, Le Temps Menaçant", MAM Paris, onde era uma dos grandes presenças da "Frente da arte", e depois em duas grandes exposições do Museu Thyssen de Madrid: "Mimesis. Realismos Modernos 1918-45", 2006, e "El Espejo y la Máscara. El retrato en el siglo de Picasso", 2007.
É um dos grandes pintores da 1ª metade do século XX, em parte ocultada na 2ª metade pelo cânone vanguardista retrospectivamente imposto. E é uma das maiores pintoras.
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